Ethical and unethical behavior as a set of actions and actions of people. How unethical behavior becomes a habit

Each of us is a member of a society in which traditionally there is a certain model of behavior that is considered normal. It is enshrined in the concept of universal values. And most importantly, it does not violate ethics, nor does it harm others. However, there are people who do not follow him. On the contrary, they, neglecting moral principles, commit immoral acts that harm the rest of society. Such people are called deviants, and their behavior is unacceptable.

Turning to Spirituality

Many immoral acts are immoral, not only from a human point of view, but also from a religious point of view. Take, for example, greed. An unhealthy craving for material wealth often pushes people to commit terrible acts, with the help of which they manage to satisfy their greed.

Pride, one of the seven deadly sins in Catholicism, also belongs to immoral qualities. Excessive arrogance and disrespect for other people do no better. Just like adultery. Adultery is a sin, an immoral act, betrayal and humiliation of the one to whom the oath of allegiance was given. The person who committed it is not worthy of trust, respect and good relations.

Vanity is perceived by many as a socio-psychological property of the individual, which, however, does not paint people. Often they are selfish, arrogant, constantly hungry for the belief in their own superiority. It would seem, is it bad to value and love yourself? No it's okay. But only vanity implies displaying all of the above, which is usually done through humiliation or neglect of other people.

Famous Examples

Many of us have long ceased to notice the immoral acts of people who are found at almost every step. A vivid example can be considered the use of obscene expressions, observed everywhere. Profanity is speech saturated with indecent expressions. They are also called obscene. Why? Because they are shameless, and therefore violate public morality.

The abuse, which has long become habitual and has lost the ability to shock members of modern society, has almost ceased to fall into the category of immoral acts. In contrast to insults, which are a deliberate derogation of the dignity and honor of a person. And such immoral acts as insults are punishable by law. All provisions relating to this are prescribed in Article 5.61 of the Code of Administrative Offenses of the Russian Federation.

Contradictory Behaviors

If a person commits an immoral act, then he definitely does not fit into the generally accepted moral framework. But it corresponds to certain forms of behavior that are contrary to the norms. There are several of them. This is addiction, substance abuse, prostitution, crime, alcoholism and suicide.

It is believed that a person adheres to one form or another of behavior for one of three reasons. The first, most widespread in modern society, is inequality on the social ladder.

Everything is simple here. A person’s behavior and upbringing are affected by his income. The smaller it is, the higher the probability of personality degradation. Many people try to cope with disappointment in their lives with drugs or alcohol. They cannot be blamed for the lack of an internal “core”. Poverty is indeed a psychological challenge.

External factors

The commission of an immoral act by a person who follows one form or another of behavior may also depend on his environment. It is no secret to anyone that the thoughts and actions of a person are often formed under the influence of family, friends, colleagues, classmates. Unfortunately, those people who grew up surrounded by individuals with immoral behavior and saw nothing but deviant actions begin to consider everything like this to be the norm.

The environment and society are one of the fundamental causes that shape human consciousness. Often, the eradication of immoral acts requires the help of sociologists who work not with one guilty individual, but with a whole group of people.

The level of education is also important. Sometimes people do not know about such basic concepts as “morality” and “morality” because of their ignorance. Rules, norms and traditions should be passed from generation to generation, and this is the task of parents. But some people simply forget to raise their children and instill in them an awareness of how to act, and how not.

Attitude towards animals

One cannot help but pay attention to the immoral acts of people regarding our smaller brothers. Cruelty to animals is not only a crime, but also an acute moral issue. Individuals who allow themselves to be mistreated by our smaller brothers are not accepted by a normal, modern society. They are condemned and condemned by other people.

It is a real immoral act. It does not pose a threat to public safety. Nevertheless, it is unacceptable and unacceptable from a different, moral point of view.

Real cases

In our life, there are a variety of immoral acts. And you will not wish even the enemy to become their victims or witnesses.

How many situations are known when sons got drunk to an insane state and threw fists at their mothers. Or when someone loved by a pet was subjected to brutal actions by young deviants for fun. Often, many people have witnessed suicide, which also applies to this category of behavior. And of course, none of us is immune from betrayal for the personal benefit of a trusted person.

When you realize how often these and similar cases occur, it becomes extremely clear that morality in modern society, unfortunately, is by no means in the first place in the value system.

Bad manners

Speaking about moral and immoral acts, it is worth mentioning that the latter also include behavior that many perceive as elementary uncouthness and bad manners.

And examples of this accompany us in everyday life. In public transport, one can often see a picture of how ill-bred individuals push in front of those walking in order to quickly leave the salon. At the exit from the premises, many do not hesitate to slam the door right in front of the nose of those who follow them, without even looking back.

But most often, perhaps, there are individuals who openly violate the rules of the hostel. They put garbage on the landing, smoke in the porch without opening windows, violate sanitation and hygiene in other ways. This is also immoral. Examples surround us everywhere, but we have ceased to notice many of them, because, sadly as they were, they have moved into the category of everyday life.

Moral behavior is the totality of actions, actions of people that meet the standards of morality, consciousness, order, formed in society, or to which it is directed.

In the process of entrepreneurial and managerial activity, there are cases of deviations from social norms, that is, unethical behavior, it can be due to various factors:

1. competition;

2. the pursuit of large profits;

3. inept incentives for managers for ethical behavior;

4. underestimation of ethical standards in society;

5. an attempt to achieve the goal and realize the mission of the organization at all costs;

6. unethical behavior of partners;

7. conflict, stressful situations in the organization;

8. unsuccessful selection and inept application of leadership styles;

9. A complex system of development and decision-making in the organization.

To ensure ethical behavior, modern management offers the following measures:

The introduction of ethical standards that reflect the system of common values, social preferences, rules of conduct for employees of the organization;

Creation of ethics committees;

The use of incentive mechanisms that counteracted unethical behavior and actions;

Implementation of social audits to determine the influence of social factors on the organization;

Organization of ethical behavior training for managers and all personnel:

Constantly informing employees about cases of highly ethical behavior;

Holding meetings, conferences, symposia, etc. on issues of ethical behavior.

The prevailing moral standards are the result of a long-term process of establishing relationships between people. Without observance of these norms political, economic, cultural relations are impossible, because it is impossible to exist without respecting each other, without imposing certain restrictions on yourself.

Faced with the problem of ethical choice, managers usually rely on a normative point of view, that is, certain norms and values, in accordance with which decisions are made.

The normative ethics distinguishes several approaches to the description of value systems and, accordingly, the adoption of ethically complex decisions that can be applied in management practice: a utilitarian approach, an individualistic approach, a moral and legal approach, and the concept of justice.

The utilitarian approach.  The basic principles of the utilitarian approach are based on the fact that the behavior corresponding to the norms of morality brings the greatest benefit to the greatest number of people. The decision-maker must consider the impact of each of his options on all interested parties and choose the option that brings the most people pleasure.

An individualistic approach.  It suggests that a person’s actions that are beneficial to her in the long run are morally acceptable. Self-control is considered the main driving force, and all external forces that limit it should be stopped. Each person chooses for himself the most advantageous solution in the long run, on the basis of which he judges the quality of his decisions. Individualism comes down to behavior that is beneficial to other people, that is, the actions of a person begin to correspond to the norms desired by society. One of the features of this approach is that it involves (if necessary) the individual’s actions aimed at acquiring personal short-term benefits that do not correspond to social norms in a row.

The moral and legal approach.  The moral and legal approach claims that a person is initially endowed with fundamental rights and freedoms that cannot be violated or limited by the decisions of other people. In the decision-making process, the following moral rights may be considered:

1. The right to freedom of consent.

2. The right to privacy.

3. The right to freedom of conscience.

4. Right to proper treatment.

5. The right to life and security.

Justice concept.  There is distributive justice (equal - equal), procedural justice (compliance with the rules), compensatory justice (redress).

In the world economy, there are seven main mechanisms by which standards can be put into practice. These include:

1) ethical codes;

2) ethics committees;

3) training;

4) social audits;

5) legal committees;

6) services, consider claims of citizens on ethical issues;

7) changes in the corporate structure.

The most commonly used mechanism is the code of ethics. It is developed by a specially created body - a committee, commission, and the like. About 90% of foreign companies have implemented ethical principles using such codes. They can be developed for the company as a whole and contain rules of ethics common to all.

In the global economy, many companies are currently creating units or hiring individual employees to develop codes of ethics: measures are being taken to familiarize managers with the provisions of these codes; a system of encouraging managers is also being created, provided they take ethical issues into account when making decisions and their official conduct complies with the ethical standards set forth in the codes.

When monitoring the performance of employees of the company, they use tests on lie detectors, drug tests, etc.

More productive, according to managers of many companies and their owners, is the way to hire graduates of educational institutions, where there was a large and extensive program of training in the basics of ethics. In this case, ethical standards are laid down in the consciousness (and subconscious mind) of the future employee as part of the worldview complex and, one might even say, as unshakable axioms, are not subject to appeal. Then the cumbersome and expensive system of developing company codes, training employees in ethical standards for monitoring compliance with ethical requirements is largely unnecessary.

To reveal the essence of the problem - this means to carry out its substantive analysis and understand the system of main contradictions. Identifying the nature of the problems requires knowledge of the functional and aggregate structure and values \u200b\u200bof the parameters of the control object during its normal functioning. “When we formulate problems or discuss them, we always thereby form a specific program and plan of our actions.” We always evaluate and select problems, characterizing some of them as very important and significant, while others as unimportant. Thus, we determine and predetermine our future actions.

One of the problems of journalism is the "yellow press" spoiling the reputation of the profession as a whole, but with all this it is one of the most read. Then thoughts involuntarily arise that the press is not to blame, but the reader, who himself is ready to pay money for such information, “for every viewer there is an actor, but a consumer for the consumer”. “People have the right to know,” but the form in which they learn it is also of great importance. The problem here is that if you simply state the facts, you can’t see the journalist; if you embellish the events so much, then nothing will remain of the fact, but only the distorted imagination of the journalist. Indeed, the work of a journalist is an act of indirect communication with readers, radio listeners, and viewers. This is a communicative act.

Information is an intermediary between a journalist and an audience; it is a tool that journalists of all ranks operate on. The very essence of journalism lies in the search, collection, processing, interpretation and dissemination of information.

Some of the actions of journalists violate not only the Code of Professional Ethics, but also the laws, so the Komsomolskaya Pravda newspaper published an article entitled “Mikhail Kozakov’s Secret Diary: I gave my wife Anya everything I earned! And you can’t trust her in anything! ”Which included excerpts from the artist’s personal diary (Appendix B). This publication violates the twenty-third article of the constitution of the Russian Federation - “1. Everyone has the right to privacy, personal and family secrets, protection of his honor and good name. 2. Everyone has the right to privacy of correspondence, telephone conversations, postal, telegraphic and other communications. The restriction of this right is allowed only on the basis of a court decision, ”also article twenty-four, paragraph one,“ Collection, storage, use and dissemination of information about a person’s private life without his consent is not allowed. ”We conducted a survey (Appendix D, survey No. 1) in which was asked the question “do you think it possible to call the behavior of the journalist (s) publishing excerpts from the diary of the People's Artist of the RSFSR Mikhail Mikhailovich Kozakomv not ethical?” 50% of the respondents considered the behavior of journalists to be unethical and unlawful, 28.57% considered it not ethical, but not violating the laws and 21.43% of respondents found the behavior of journalists acceptable.

There are journalists who are happy to try on the role of the arbiter of human destiny, as journalist Alexander Nikonov in the broadcast of the “clinch”, the radio station “Echo of Moscow”, said that “extra people should be killed” An extra person, in his opinion, is the one who cannot take care of oneself independently, cannot support himself. For cover, the word euthanasia is used - it is nevertheless necessary to observe decency: killing is bad, and euthanasia is humane. Nikonov lives with confidence that things like love, like pity do not exist. Rather, they just came up with. It is impossible to rationally explain pity and love - which means that the right to exist does not deserve, as, indeed, children with disabilities. Save the sick children of their mother. After all, they are driven by the maternal instinct, and this is unconsciously, at the level of instincts, so to speak. So you need to help them realize that they are mistaken. From his point of view, then they will only say thanks.

We conducted a survey (Appendix D, survey No. 2) in which we asked the question "What do you think can be called ethical statement by Alexander Nikonov" on the use of euthanasia for children with disabilities immediately after birth? and 18.92% considered it to be ethical, 51.35% considered Nikonov’s statement not ethical, and 29.73% considered the behavior not ethical, but taking place, since each person has the right to express his point of view.

Some journalists do not hesitate to even bury healthy and healthy people in their articles. The news of the death of Jackie Chan became one of the most readable on the Internet (Appendix E) On March 28, 2011, there was information on social networks and Internet news that the famous actor Jackie Chan died, fans started to condole on Facebook, but it turned out that the actor is alive. The rumor about Jackie Chan's death from a heart attack was launched through the microblogging service Twitter 10 days before the actor’s 57th birthday.

We conducted a survey (Appendix D, survey No. 3) in which we asked the question “Do you think it was ethical to disseminate on the Internet unverified information about the death of Jackie Chan (Jackie Chan)?” The majority of respondents 85.71% believe that this is not ethically, but there were people whose opposite opinion was 14.29%. We were also interested in how the fans of the artist think who could spread such rumors (Appendix G survey No. 4), according to the survey it turned out that the majority of respondents 39.28% believe that this could be done by people who wanted to make money from disseminating this information or just to draw attention to themselves, 25% of the respondents thought that these were enemies and ill-wishers of the artist, and 17.86% scored answer options: This is just a thoughtless joke, this could be done by the PR specialists of the artist himself to draw attention to him.

Surveys have helped us learn about people's attitudes to this type of information. Most of the respondents relying on their moral principles, believe that in general, according to these situations, journalists acted unethical in relation to the heroes of their articles. But if you imagine that all journalists would act, as the code stipulates for journalists, would this profession be so interesting? And would the situation of information hunger then arise? It’s well-known to transcend the bounds of decency, but in our world of double standards there is no other kind of journalism.

Most violations of ethical behavior by journalists can be seen in the pre-election periods.

It is during the election campaign that journalists “blacken” some and ennoble other candidates, in an interview they often “slip” not only unethical, but even tactless questions, but the main principles in the work of a journalist are honesty, respect for the honor and dignity of people.

So, let us consider examples of unethical behavior of journalists during the 2004 election campaign as mayor of Novosibirsk and 2003 as governor of Novosibirsk.

The following is an article written by A. Khabatulina during the 2003 election campaign.

“In mid-November 1999, at the very height of the election campaign for the election of the head of the Novosibirsk Region Administration, the headquarters of Novosibirsk Mayor Viktor Tolokonsky presented the public with a brilliant election chip - the Social Code of the Russian Federation. Rather, the initiative to create it. Here are excerpts from newspaper articles of the time.

“According to V. Tolokonsky, the Social Code should be systematized and“ maximally concentrated formulate all the legislative norms governing the pension and social security of citizens of the country. ” The main attention should be paid to such a category as the “living wage” and bringing the living wage and the minimum wage and pension into line. ”

There were skeptical remarks about the reality of the pre-election “trick”.

“Red Corner” dated December 14, 99 “this week the first stage of the development and preparation of a document is ending, which has every chance of becoming the second most important after the Constitution of Russia.

According to this leaflet, Tolokonsky’s election idea “received the support of the leading economists of the country, heads of administrations of the largest cities of Russia, many governors and politicians.” Here it is! And Tolokonsky, having opened the peacock's tail, modestly uttered: “It seems to me that it (the code) will be of interest to everyone - the authorities, deputies, and the population. And it will be simply beneficial for politicians. And if someone assigns authorship to themselves, we won’t be offended. The main thing is to solve the problems. " And he stated: “The final version of the Social Code can be adopted already in the future (2000). Year is a normal period ”

To prevent things from lagging too far behind words, Tolokonsky ordered the immediate creation of a working group to prepare a draft Social Code. ”

“The elections have passed, and the idea of \u200b\u200bthe Social Code has safely ordered a long life. And on the eve of the current elections, new global ideas are being presented to the Tolokonsky, how the solved thing is to raise, multiply, provide, etc. etc. If you want care for the disabled, it will be. Do you want help for pensioners - yes, please! Science to raise? Production debug? No problem, sir! The newly made candidate for governor, finds a fresh version of flirting with voters - shamelessly takes as a basis the others’s achievements of the regional law on veterans (which was introduced several years ago by the Communist deputies of the regional council and safely rejected by the governor Tolokonsky) and passes off the bill that he personally suffered. But, be sure, beyond the searchlights, the matter is unlikely to move - a bluff with a social code confirms this.

Instant noodles called "Social Code" have not yet fallen off our ears, and it is hanging us a new one. And there are simpletons that they believe again!

“Ah, it’s not difficult to deceive me -

I’m glad to be deceived myself! ”

But Pushkin now few people read and honor. And therefore - cook your ears, dear Novosibirsk! For your "social defender" has stolen little from your budget, not only noodles, but also many billions of dollars in debt, for which we all will have to pay soon! ”

Here you can see the journalist's apparent non-compliance with ethical standards. Tolokonsky is presented as a liar in an open text article, the negative attitude of the journalist towards the governor of the Novosibirsk Region is clearly reflected, and this is unacceptable in the work of a journalist. The journalist shows his subjective opinion, which may be erroneous. And this is a violation of the journalistic code of ethics.

“In the circles of the Novosibirsk elite, Viktor Tolokonsky always had a reputation as a“ politician ”. His former deputy, and now the mayor - Vladimir Gorodetsky - has earned an equally established reputation as a "business executive." Even the characters of the Novosibirsk leaders fit into such a distribution of roles. The governor regularly allows himself to sing under the orchestra in the square with a large crowd of people. The mayor for a long time underestimated the importance of personal PR, which turned out to be problems for him in the last election ... ”

“In general, the 2003-2004 election cycle. proved the strength of the Novosibirsk political model. And the fact that Gorodetsky was again obliged to the “senior partner” by his election confirms once again that he will hardly prefer the dependent but stable position of the “Tolokonsky team man” to the risk of pursuit of independence. ”

“But there remains one intrigue for the future. The Governor Tolokonsky is so far limited to two terms in office, the mayor Gorodetsky - no. And sooner or later, Viktor Tolokonsky will face the question of a successor - now in the governor’s chair. ”

Here you can see how the author of the article shows his negative attitude towards V.F. Gorodetsky, demonstrating his failure and lack of independence. The journalist shows that Gorodetsky is the successor to Tolokonsky and alone cannot do anything useful for the people. The opinion of the media, as you know, has a very strong influence on the consciousness and on the final choice of people. This article was published already after the election, and being read by voters the day before, it could shake the opinion of more than one hundred Novosibirsk citizens. But a journalist should be objective, this is the basis of his ethical behavior.

The results of the election of the Mayor of Novosibirsk on March 14, 2004: 42% of voters voted for Vladimir Gorodetsky, 24% for Jacob London, and 14% for Sergey Kibirev. The second round, March 28, 2004: for Vladimir Gorodetsky - 58.9%, for Jacob London - 28.9%.

Here is an excerpt from another article: “The mayor has well learned the lesson taught to him during the election campaign. This, of course, is not about city problems and managerial mistakes, but about the issue of forming a political image. At his first post-election press conference, Vladimir Gorodetsky admitted: "My own sin is that I was so set up before - do things, repair entrances and roads, and people will see and appreciate it. But you need to help people appreciate it." Now the mayor is considering creating his own municipal television. I will surely not be the only step towards the realization of a serious political resource, which Vladimir Gorodetsky managed to accumulate. If until now one heavyweight politician, the governor Viktor Tolokonsky, ruled in the Novosibirsk region, now there are two centers of gravity. It is this new configuration that will affect the main political processes of the next four years.

The way to implement the mayor’s resource for the coming years is, in general, clear. Vladimir Gorodetsky needs to seek the election of a loyal city council and hold his deputies in the regional council, so that after five years, with broad support, to fight for the post of governor, this is the last term for Viktor Tolokonsky in the chair of the head of the regional administration. And although Tolokonsky and Gorodetsky emphasize their belonging to the same team, the rapid redistribution of spheres of influence between the two politicians in Novosibirsk can change the vectors of their interaction from parallel to perpendicular ”

So, we examined some examples of non-compliance with ethical standards by journalists on the example of articles published during the election campaign. However, this is only a small part of what is not respected by journalists in relation to ethics.

Thus, managers risk and involve the organization in trouble, because they believe that their behavior (unethical) is in the interests of the organization or individual. Reason

   However, business ethics affects not only the problem of socially responsible behavior. It focuses on a wide range of behavioral and control behaviors. Moreover, the focus of her attention is both the goals and the means used to achieve them by both. For example, almost all Americans most likely believe that it is unethical to give a bribe to a foreign official in order to obtain a contract. In this case, unethical means. Imagine, however, that we are talking about a contract for the purchase of fur skins used for the manufacture of clothing. Some people for whom protection of wild animals is in a high place may consider using fur skins unethical even if they can be obtained without giving a bribe. Here the goal is considered unethical, since such actions are considered as improper behavior. From this point of view, behavior is wrong not because it is illegal, but because it contradicts personal values \u200b\u200band is an action that cannot be supported. Another illustration, many people find it unethical for companies to do business with South Africa because of the apartheid policies of this country. The opinion of these people is the result of the actions of the Government of South Africa, violating the value ideas of people about their attitude to individuals in society.

In addition to senior executives, often demonstrating unethical corporate behavior, any person in the organization can also act unethically. Consider the following situations. You are a purchasing agent, and one of the suppliers you do business with offers you a box of good wine. Do you take it

According to research from the mid 70's. about 2/3 of the 500 largest American companies in one form or another behaved illegally. Opinion polls showed that in the general public, commitment to ethical behavior in the United States is declining. According to one survey, 65% of Americans believe that the country's overall ethical level has declined over the past decade. Only 7% of Americans believe it has risen. When asked about the most common options for unethical business practices, the head of one of the financial institutions said Bribes, forgery of documents, false financial reports, artificially high prices, secret price bargaining. Another study covering a 15-year period showed that enterprise managers became more cynical than 15 years ago about the ethics of management behavior in general.

LEARNING ETHICAL BEHAVIOR. Another approach that organizations use to increase ethical behavior is to educate ethical behavior leaders and employees. At the same time, employees are introduced to business ethics and increase their susceptibility to ethical issues that may arise in front of them. Embedding ethics as a subject in university-level business education courses is yet another form of ethical behavior education, so students begin to better understand these issues. According to a study by the Center for Business Ethics, corporations are much more concerned about ethics today than in the past, they have taken concrete steps to introduce ethics into their practice. At the same time, daily newspapers abound with examples of unethical and illegal behavior of employees of organizations of any type; however, we believe that the organizations themselves do not lack opposite examples of ethical actions of their employees. By continuing to implement the various programs and methods described above, and ensuring that high-level executives serve as role models of good ethical behavior, organizations should be able to raise their ethical standards.

What do you think of the reasons for the recent trend of unethical behavior

Unethical behavior of individual auditors deserves reprimand and punishment, up to exclusion from the community of auditors, deprivation of a qualification certificate and license to conduct audit activities.

An increasing concern in society is unethical marketing, price fixing, bribery, false advertising, and unsafe products. Most likely, this concern is due to the fact that marketing activities are in plain sight. The impact and opportunities offered by the marketing management are such that marketing can still be the source of the greatest number of business disruptions. Unethical marketing does not use any arguments about business ethics. Such marketing is an unethical activity, leading ultimately to the bankruptcy of a company or individual entrepreneur. In addition, unethical marketing creates a negative image of the company. It is the basis for deviant behavior and as a result leads to dysfunction of the organization. Bribery, for example, harms consumers and competitors who have nothing to do with it. A similar situation arises when a dishonest seller can increase his commission by deceiving buyers. If this activity is not detected and punished, then it benefits individuals who run it, and possibly their companies, at the expense of other individuals and economic systems.

It is important to take into account the results that neglect of ethical standards or unethical behavior can lead to. In the long run, company shareholders are likely to punish the company for unethical marketing with their actions, and consumers, for example, may turn to other companies. In the short term, it is also possible to ignore ethical standards by the company. And the more such ignorance spreads, the faster legal opposition can be found. It is likely that companies doing business in accordance with the cannibal principle eat something like that, instill in their employees the same attitude towards the company itself and to each other. Therefore, following ethical standards is the foundation of a successful business.

Human rights. The principle of human rights is based on the premise that a person or group of people has the right to something or the right to be treated properly. A decision is considered unethical when it violates human rights. This principle puts mutual respect at the forefront, even if we disagree with someone or dislike someone. Such an ethical concept makes a person appreciate. The violation of human rights, and therefore unethical behavior, is the activity of the trade union, which does not recognize the right of a group of female employees to apply for any work in accordance with their qualifications. Another example is a company engaged in mindless disposal of hazardous waste. The company may be guilty of ignoring the rights of others, using the environment for selfish purposes.

Organizational Relations. Market participants need to know how their behavior can affect the behavior of others in an organizational sense. They should not exert pressure or coercion, which can lead to unethical behavior in relation to other persons, such as company employees, suppliers or consumers. In doing so they must

What are your successes in this exercise Perhaps for the first time you asked yourself a question about the motives and goals of your actions. At this point, I intend to give you basic knowledge of how you can develop flexibility in behavior. As a development specialist, I find it unethical to forcibly change or manipulate people. Change only happens when people themselves want change.

Nevertheless, unethical behavior has its advantages, and its danger is that the spread of unethical behavior leads to a decrease in the so-called ultimate morality, which is understood as the lowest level, the boundary of ethically acceptable and practiced behavior. When this marginal morality falls as a result of the increasing spread of unethical behaviors, there is pressure on the individual entrepreneur (subject), forcing him to adapt to the falling marginal morality in order to avoid deterioration of his competitive position.

In the third case, the individual understands that everyone will benefit from universal observance of the rules, but for himself, he considers unethical behavior to be the best model. The third case just illustrates the problem, which with the development of the market system of the economy is becoming more acute - with the problem of free riders mentioned above. The problem of the moral free rider is that individuals want to take advantage of the moral condition and not participate in the costs of it, consisting in limiting unethical motives. In other words, each individual is interested in ensuring that everyone follows the rules and that the common good for the whole group is realized, however, each individually is tempted to personally make an exception to these rules.

Group thinking arises in organizations when groups give priority to their own, contrary to generally accepted standards, if this leads to benefits for their organization, this, in turn, encourages employees of the organization to commit or support unethical actions. Group thinking appears in organizations and groups that deliberately go unethical when a group is united, when its leader defends unethical decisions or ideas, and when the group does not have internal control that ensures ethical behavior. Significantly contributes to the adoption of unethical decisions the desire of members of the group to obtain approval from its other members and the leader. In such situations, the group takes unethical actions and rejects any opinion that does not coincide with the goals of the group and its leader. Another primary symptom of group thinking is the avoidance of the need to defend one’s position. This happens when a group leader receives social support from his advisers, who agree with his opinion and participate in finding arguments justifying the most dubious decisions.

Ethics not only addresses the issue of social responsibility, but should also be considered in a wide range of options - the behavior of managers and subordinates. Moreover, from an ethical point of view, the goals and means used in management should be evaluated. So, if a trading company, in the pursuit of high profit, builds its strategy on selling expensive imported goods of dubious quality to the population, it not only violates legal norms, but also relieves itself of social responsibility, demonstrating unethical corporate behavior. Inside such a firm, executives and

However, moral and ethical standards are not always observed in the relations of the seller and the buyer. Sometimes it is likely that the product is misrepresented. This is a fairly common case, especially in the retail industry, where a product is advertised as having a number of specific properties and, due to this, as well as relative cheapness, is quickly sold. When his stock runs out, the seller seeks to convince the customer to buy a more expensive product. This type of unethical behavior has its own name - bait and hook. When a customer swallows a bait, the seller makes every effort to convince the buyer to purchase another product, which usually costs more.

However, not every example of unethical, in the conventional wisdom, marketing behavior is illegal. Marketers often have to make legitimate decisions that may not be ethical. There are questions to which the law has not yet reached, or for which, due to their complexity or because of the uncertainty of what is right in each particular case, the law cannot or will not prescribe anything. For example, price increases are generally not illegal, but often considered unethical in many countries, the law does not prohibit television advertising for children, and yet it is also often criticized for immorality. Such gray areas, where behavior may be legal but unethical, or where legislation and ethics do not provide clear guidelines, often present significant challenges for both scientists and practitioners.

Contact a manager at any level for any issue, including issues such as breaking the law or unethical behavior.

We will respect the professional reputation and practice of other management consultants. This does not remove the moral obligation to make public the unethical behavior of our colleagues and bring this to the attention of the authorities.

The community of auditors as a whole and each auditor separately condemn the unethical behavior of individual auditors and demand their punishment up to exclusion from their environment, deprivation of a qualification certificate and license to conduct audit activities.

The actions of managers or ordinary employees who violate the law should also be regarded as unethical. For example, E.F. Hatton was found guilty of falsifying 2,000 postal and telegraphic items, i.e. in an act that definitely violates the law. It's right. However, actions that do not violate the law may or may not be considered unethical, depending on an excellent value system. Imagine the situation with the withdrawal from sale of capsules Tileno-la firm Johnson and Johnson. For the most part, people should consider this action ethical. Some should consider Ford Motor's behavior unethical, as it objected to removing the Pinto model or redesigning the fuel system to eliminate possible gas tank hazards.

The reasons for expanding the unethical practice of doing business include: 1) competition, which pushes ethical considerations to the sidelines 2) the growing desire to indicate the level of profitability every 3 months, i.e. in quarterly reports 3) failure to ensure that managers are properly remunerated for ethical behavior 4) a general decrease in the importance of ethics in American society, which gradually excuses unethical behavior in the workplace 5) pressure from the organization on ordinary workers in order to find a compromise between their own personal values and managerial values. The existence of this last reason is confirmed by the results of a study conducted more than 20 years ago, in which it was established that the behavior of their leaders had the main influence on the adoption of unethical decisions by employees30. In a broad sense, what does and how the owner behaves is the main factor in influencing the behavior of a subordinate. Thus, behaving ethically, you as a leader can significantly influence the ethics of behavior of your subordinates.

The idea of \u200b\u200bethical business conduct is also to protect the company from attacks by unethical employees and competitors. High ethical standards protect employees. If people work in a highly ethical company, the attitude of the company towards them from the standpoint of honesty and dignity will be supplemented by a high ethical level of the workers themselves and an increase in labor productivity.

It may seem that Mandeville’s paradox of private vices - public benefits makes ethics unnecessary, because, as already noted, unethical behavior leads to socially useful results, leads to an increase in social wealth and welfare. In addition, there is an opinion that the market participants are not required to ethical behavior also because it is assumed that the pressure of competition will force them to economically correct actions that are identical to ethically correct actions. In other words, competition from the outside sufficiently compels entrepreneurs to conduct efficiently and honestly inside and outside the enterprise, since otherwise there would be an outflow of workers to other employers and buyers to other sellers.

Thirdly, there is such a type of ethical behavior as refusal to obtain competitive advantage and economic profit by using morally dubious opportunities, unethical behavior or violation of the rules. In this case, the Costs for the entrepreneur represent a missed opportunity, as he misses the extra income, abandoning the unethical, i.e. contrary to duty and rules of conduct 2. Ethical behavior here consists in the rejection of public evil (for example, bribery) due to the rejection of private enrichment. There is also an economic incentive not to produce a real evil, the company is interested in the fact that bribery does not become a standard practice and that it itself does not become its victim.3 "

Unfortunately, each of us can rationally justify immoral behavior. We can convince ourselves that such actions are acceptable. The best way to prevent immoral actions is to recognize that this excuse is based on vicious and self-serving logic. It’s good to be fully armed against four common rational ways to justify unethical behavior

The duration of law enforcement in practice may to some extent depend on the nature of the material and the interpretation of the law in different countries. However, if the law does not act on plagiarism, it can be regarded as unethical, and any serious precedent can be regarded as unprofessional behavior.

An organization can affect the good intentions of an individual and distort them. O. Ferrell et al. (1989), following studies predicting unethical behavior, suggest that decisions about what behavior is appropriate in a given situation are influenced by the organization’s ability for an individual to behave ethically or unethically . These opportunities are a function of the organization’s culture,

Unethical, and more strictly speaking - the immorality of their behavior is found in communication with subordinates, colleagues, contractors, administrative authorities, foreign partners, in the dominance of bribery and corruption.

In business, the concept of image is widely used. This word itself means image, reflection, likeness, image. One of the definitions of image is a halo created by the opinion of a social group or by one’s own efforts. The closest image to the concepts of reputation and good name. A person and a company can have a positive, positive, approved, and negative image. The image is associated with perception or we perceive the bearer of the image as our own, trustworthy, the behavior of which we approve, or not. The image of the company is a factor of customer trust, growth in the number of sales, loans, and hence the prosperity or decline of the company, its owners and employees. Moreover, the image is a dynamic phenomenon, and, like the impression of a person, it can change under the influence of circumstances, new information, as a result of prolonged communication. The image of the company depends not only on the products it produces, but also on its social responsibility, those forms of activity that society regards as positive, consistent with pressing public interests and concerns. The image is created by long and focused efforts in the field of Publi Relations (systematically planned activities aimed at forming the right public opinion), in the field of advertising, in the field of customer relations, ethics of behavior, building and maintaining a reputation. An image is a fragile phenomenon, it is enough for the client to buy low-quality goods once or stumble upon unethical behavior of a company employee, as his reputation in the eyes of the client drops sharply, and he and sometimes his friends are lost for the company (Once you have lied - who will believe you). Therefore, the image of the company depends on each of its employees. If the employees of the company regard the attitude towards them as bad, then this dissatisfaction somehow affects their attitude towards customers, which undermines the efforts of the company to create a positive image.

Can, and should they, shareholders, acting with the help of their agents, try to expropriate part of the income from the creditors of the company. Usually the answer to this question is negative. Firstly, such behavior of stocks of shareholders is unethical, and unethical actions have no place in the business world. Secondly, in the event of such attempts, lenders will defend themselves by introducing restrictive provisions in future loan agreements. Finally, if lenders establish that managers are trying to increase shareholder wealth at their expense, they will either refuse further business with this company, or they will begin to charge interest on it higher than usual - as a compensation for the risk of possible exploitation. Thus, a company that is playing a dishonest game with its creditors either loses access to the hired capital market or faces high rates interest on loans and other restrictions, both of these prospects are fraught with damage to shareholders.

In order for the organization’s actions to comply with ethical standards, they must first and foremost be openly and unconditionally adhered to by senior officials 35. In companies that persistently strive for high ethical standards, senior management implements them through ethical codes, speeches and publications, policies related to the consequences of unethical behavior, their own actions and ethics. Senior executives constantly remind employees that their duty is not only to comply with ethical codes, but also to report violations. Although such companies provide